machine learning [book review, part 2]

The chapter (Chap. 3) on Bayesian updating or learning (a most appropriate term) for discrete data is well-done in Machine Learning, a probabilistic perspective if a bit stretched (which is easy with 1000 pages left!). I like the remark (Section 3.5.3) about the log-sum-exp trick. While lengthy, the chapter (Chap. 4) on Gaussian models has the appeal of introducing LDA. The true chapter about Bayesian statistics (Chap. 5) only comes later, which seems a wee bit late to me, but it mentions the paper by Druilhet and Marin (2007) about the dependence of the MAP estimator on the dominating measure. The Bayesian chapter covers the Bayesian interpretation of false discovery rates, And decision-theory (shared with the following chapter on frequentist statistics). This later chapter also covers the pathologies of p-values. The chapter on regression has a paragraph on the g-prior and its extensions (p.238). There are chapters on DAGs, mixture models, EM (which mentions the early MCEM of Celeux and Diebolt!), factor and principal component analyses, Gaussian processes, CART models, HMMs and state-space models, MFRs, variational Bayes, belief and expectation propagations,  and more… Most of the methods are implemented within a MATLAB package called PMTK (probabilistic modelling toolkit) that I did not check (because it is MATLAB!).

There are two (late!) chapters dedicated to simulation methods, Monte Carlo Inference (Chap. 23) and MCMC Inference (Chap.24). (I am somehow unhappy with the label Inference in those titles as those are simulation methods.) They cover the basics and more, including particle filters to some extent (but missing some of the most recent stuff, like Del Moral, Doucet & Jasra, 2006, or Andrieu, Doucet & Hollenstein, 2010). (When introducing the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, the author states the condition that the union of the supports of the proposal should include the support of the target but this is a rather formal condition as the Markov chain may still fail to be irreducible in that case.) My overall feeling is that too much is introduced in too little space, potentially confusing the student. See, e.g., the half-page Section 24.3.7 (p.855) on reversible jump MCMC. Or the other half-page on Hamiltonian MCMC (p.868). An interesting entry is the study of the performances of the original Gibbs sampler of Geman & Geman (1984), which started the field (to some extent). It states that, unless the hyperparameters are extremely well-calibrated, the Gibbs sampler suggested therein fails to produce a useful segmentation algorithm! The section on convergence diagnoses is rather limited and referring to rather oldish methods, rather than suggesting a multiple-chain empirical exploratory approach. Similarly, there is only one page (p.872) of introduction to marginal likelihood approximation techniques, half of which is wasted on the harmonic mean “worst Monte Carlo method ever”. And the other half is spent on criticising Besag‘s candidate method exploited by Chib (1995).

Now, a wee bit more into detailed nitpicking (if only to feed the ‘Og!): first, the mathematical rigour is not always “au rendez-vous” and the handling of Dirac masses and conditionals and big-Oh (Exercise 3.20)( is too hand-waving for my taste (see p.39 for an example). I also dislike the notion of the multinoulli distribution (p.35), first because it is a poor pun on Bernoulli‘s name, second because sufficiency makes this distribution somewhat irrelevant when compared with the multinomial distribution. Although the book rather fairly covers the dangers and shortcomings of MAP estimators in Section 5.2.1.3 (p.150), this remains the default solution. Monte Carlo is not “a city in Europe known for its plush gambling casinos” but the district of Monaco where the casino stands. And it writes Monte-Carlo in the original. The approximation of π by Monte Carlo is the one I used in my Aussie public lecture, but it would have been nice to know the number of iterations (p.54). The book unnecessarily and most vaguely refers to Taleb about the black swan paradox (p.77). The first introduction of Bayesian tests is to use the HPD  interval and check whether the null value is inside, with a prosecutor’s fallacy in conclusion (p.137). BIC then AIC are introduced (p.162) and the reader remains uncertain about which one to use. If any. Not! The fact that the MLE and the posterior mean differ (p.165) is not a sign of informativeness in the prior. The processing of the label switching problem for mixtures (p.841) is confusing in that the inference problem (invariance by permutation that prohibits using posterior means) is compounded by the simulation problem (failing to observe this behaviour in simulations). The Rao-Blackwellisation Theorem (p.841) does not apply to other cases than two-stage Gibbs sampling, but this is not clear from the text. The adaptive MCMC amcmc package of Jeff Rosenthal is not mentioned (because it is in R?). The proof of detailed balance (p.854-855) should take a line. Having so many references (35 pages) is both a bonus and a nuisance in a textbook, where students dislike the repeated occurrence of “see (so-&-so….”. I also dislike references being given with a parenthesis at all time, as in “See (Doucet et al. 2001) for details”.  And, definitely the least important remark!, the quotes at the beginning are not particularly novel or relevant: the book could do without them. (Same thing for the “no free lunch theorem” which is not particularly helpful as presented…)

In conclusion, Machine Learning, a probabilistic perspective offers a fairly wide, unifying, and comprehensive perspective on the field of statistics, aka machine learning, that can certainly be used as the textbook in a Master program where this is the only course of statistics, aka machine learning. (Having not read other machine learning books thoroughly, I cannot judge how innovative it is. The beginning is trying to build the intuition of what the book is about before introducing the models. Just not my way of proceeding but mostly a matter of taste and maybe of audience…) The computational aspects are not treated in enough depth for my taste and my courses, but there are excellent books on those aspects. The Bayesian thread sometimes run a wee bit thin, but remains a thread nonetheless throughout the book. Thus, a nice textbook for the appropriate course and a reference for many.

machine learning [book review]

I have to admit the rather embarrassing fact that Machine Learning, A probabilistic perspective by Kevin P. Murphy is the first machine learning book I really read in detail…! It is a massive book with close to 1,100 pages and I thus hesitated taking it with me around, until I grabbed it in my bag for Warwick. (And in the train to Argentan.) It is also massive in its contents as it covers most (all?) of what I call statistics (but visibly corresponds to machine learning as well!). With a Bayesian bent most of the time (which is the secret meaning of probabilistic in the title).

“…we define machine learning as a set of methods that can automatically detect patterns in data, and then use the uncovered patterns to predict future data, or to perform other kinds of decision making under uncertainty (such as planning how to collect more data!).” (p.1)

Apart from the Introduction—which I find rather confusing for not dwelling on the nature of errors and randomness and on the reason for using probabilistic models (since they are all wrong) and charming for including a picture of the author’s family as an illustration of face recognition algorithms—, I cannot say I found the book more lacking in foundations or in the breadth of methods and concepts it covers than a “standard” statistics book. In short, this is a perfectly acceptable statistics book! Furthermore, it has a very relevant and comprehensive selection of references (sometimes favouring “machine learning” references over “statistics” references!). Even the vocabulary seems pretty standard to me. All this makes me wonder why we at all distinguish between the two domains, following Larry Wasserman’s views (for once!) that the difference is mostly in the eye of the beholder, i.e. in which department one teaches… Which was already my perspective before I read the book but it comforted me even further. And the author agrees as well (“The probabilistic approach to machine learning is closely related to the field of statistics, but differs slightly in terms of its emphasis and terminology”, p.1). Let us all unite!

[..part 2 of the book review to appear tomorrow…]